What is Human?

In the intricate mosaic of human history, there exists a question that has intrigued and eluded us for ages—what defines our transition from ancient ancestors to modern humans? National Geographic’s “What Is Human?” episode from the Naked Science series embarks on a riveting journey to explore this enigma, delving into the fossils of our evolutionary precursors while unraveling the defining traits that set us apart.

The narrative is a compelling dance through time, guided by experts who meticulously examine the remnants of three pivotal predecessor species—Australopithecus afarensis, Homo erectus, and early Homo sapiens. The documentary seeks to ascertain the elusive moment when humanity was born, what distinguishes our essence, and how the path from bipedalism to larger brains paved the way for our ascent.

Bipedalism, a defining trait that separated us from our quadrupedal ancestors, comes under scrutiny. “Lucy,” the iconic Australopithecus afarensis, strides into focus, standing erect some 4 million years ago and leaving an indelible mark on our history. Merging scientific insights with artistic interpretation, archaeologists and makeup artists collaborate to recreate Lucy’s visage, immortalizing her features as she may have been. In a delightful interplay between past and present, the recreated Lucy takes to the streets of modern London, bridging the chasm between ancient past and contemporary society.

The narrative seamlessly transitions to Homo erectus, a species that emerged 1.8 million years ago. Bipedal and armed with a larger brain, albeit only two-thirds the size of Homo sapiens’, Homo erectus is hailed for its discovery of toolmaking and mastery over fire. The documentary deftly weaves historical analysis with immersive storytelling, unleashing a model Homo erectus into the modern world. The experiment yields humorous yet illuminating results as butchers attempt to wield primitive tools, offering a window into the challenges our ancestors confronted.

As the journey unfolds, the spotlight turns to Homo sapiens, marked by their substantial brains, creative prowess, and problem-solving acumen. The film propels us into the crucible of climate change—an ice age that drastically altered the trajectory of our species. Reduced populations of early Homo sapiens navigated this trial by adapting their tool usage, communication, and problem-solving approaches. The crucible of survival propelled humanity toward an evolution that would lay the foundations for modern society.

The documentary’s canvas is enriched by interviews with experts and captivating demonstrations, each thread weaving a tapestry of understanding. “What Is Human?” serves as an inquiry into the essence of our humanity, the crucible moments that shaped our journey, and the traits that set us on the path to becoming the intelligent, advanced beings we are today.