Richard Skolnik, lecturer at Yale and author of Global Health 101, examines how health systems are organized and financed around the world. This module from his Essentials of Global Health course opens with the concept of value for money in health investment, then compares how different countries structure their health systems, from financing and workforce to service delivery. Skolnik walks through the common problems these systems face in providing care that is effective, efficient, and of acceptable quality, drawing on examples from low, middle, and high income settings. He closes by outlining cost-effective approaches that have shown results in addressing these gaps, including reforms to financing mechanisms and primary care delivery. The talk is structured as a straightforward lecture with slides, aimed at students building a working framework for evaluating any national health system.