Craig Wright's Yale course Listening to Music reaches its final form before the midterm: the ostinato, a repeating bass pattern that composers have leaned on for centuries. Wright opens with a quick review of sonata-allegro, rondo, theme and variations, and fugue, then traces multiple themes running through Beethoven's Third Symphony before turning to ostinato proper. He works through Purcell's opera writing, where a repeating bass line underpins some of the most famous laments in early opera, then the Pachelbel Canon, showing how its ground bass became a template still audible in pop songs by Elton John and Vitamin C. The lecture is built for listening along, with Wright playing and pointing out the repeating pattern in each excerpt so students can hear the technique rather than just read about it. It closes the unit on musical form ahead of the class's next exam.