Timothy Snyder, Richard C. Levin Professor of History at Yale, continues his course on Ukrainian history with a lecture on the 1950s through the 1970s, the decades of post-Stalin reform, Soviet recentralization, and the rise of dissident movements. He traces how policy shifts in Moscow reshaped Ukrainian society and how intellectuals and activists began pushing back against renewed central control. The lecture sits inside Snyder's larger argument about what makes a nation, asking how structures and choices together produced a Ukrainian polity that would later resist Russian invasion. He draws connections to Polish, Russian, and Jewish history as entangled with Ukraine's own. This is one lecture in a full Yale course, delivered as a straightforward classroom talk with reading list and captions in Ukrainian and Russian provided separately.