Ian Shapiro traces the shift from Bentham's classical utilitarianism to the neoclassical version built by Vilfredo Pareto and Francis Edgeworth. Part of Yale's Moral Foundations of Politics course, the lecture works through indifference curves, transitivity, the Pareto principle, and the Edgeworth box diagram to show how neoclassical economists tried to ground utility theory without Bentham's messy interpersonal comparisons of utility. Shapiro argues that this fix comes at a cost: where classical utilitarianism could justify radical redistribution by treating everyone's utility as commensurable, neoclassical utilitarianism, by refusing to compare utility across persons, ends up defending the status quo instead. The class moves from the microeconomic apparatus of indifference curves and the Pareto frontier into a direct comparison of the two doctrines' political implications, closing on why a theory built to be more rigorous about individual differences becomes politically conservative in practice.