Ian Shapiro, teaching Yale's Moral Foundations of Politics, examines the Enlightenment as a whole before breaking it into its three traditions, using John Locke as the anchor. He opens with the Enlightenment's commitment to science as a model for ordering politics, tracing Cartesian philosophy of science into the workmanship ideal, the notion that makers have rights over what they make. From there he moves to the second tenet, the equality of men, and the individual rights that follow from it, asking whether this equality supplies grounds for resisting authority. Shapiro draws on primary texts throughout and flags that Locke's arguments, despite their theological roots, will recur across the semester in secular guises. Chapters cover the Enlightenment generally, Locke specifically, and the doctrine of individual rights. A clear, text-grounded introduction to the natural law foundations underlying later social contract theory.