Yale professor Jonathan Holloway continues his lecture on the Great Migration, tracing what happened when African Americans settled in Northern and Midwestern cities in the early twentieth century. He covers the 1917 East St. Louis race riot and the 1919 Chicago race riot, then turns to Black soldiers' experiences in World War I, their rising expectations for citizenship rights on return, and the violent backlash they faced, including lynchings of veterans still in uniform. Holloway reads W.E.B. Du Bois's editorials 'Close Ranks' and 'Returning Soldiers' alongside Claude McKay's poem 'If We Must Die' to show how both men articulated the new militancy taking hold in Black political life. Part of Yale's course American History: From Emancipation to the Present (AFAM 162), recorded in Spring 2010.