Timothy Snyder, Richard C. Levin Professor of History at Yale, closes his Ukraine lecture series by asking what it means for a nation to exist. He starts from the fact of Ukrainian resistance beginning 24 February 2022 and works backward: if a society and polity did not already exist, that resistance would be inexplicable. Snyder traces how Polish, Russian, and Jewish self-understanding were shaped by experiences in Ukrainian lands, and how a modern Ukrainian nation actually formed, testing general theories of nation-building against the Ukrainian case. He revisits Ukraine's position at the center of Soviet and Nazi terror and asks what that history reveals about both systems. The lecture ends on whether Ukraine's post-colonial, multilingual national model is a relic or a template for other nations. Part of Snyder's full Yale course on Ukrainian history, delivered as a straightforward classroom lecture with slides and reading references.