Richard Skolnik covers tobacco and alcohol as global health risk factors in this session from his Essentials of Global Health course, associated with Yale. He lays out the burden of disease each substance causes worldwide, from cardiovascular disease and cancers linked to smoking to the injuries and chronic conditions tied to alcohol use, and looks at who is most affected, including patterns across income levels and regions. The lecture reviews the determinants that drive consumption, such as marketing, pricing, and availability, and surveys interventions that have proven cost effective, including taxation, advertising restrictions, and public health campaigns. Framed within a broader course segment on noncommunicable disease alongside heart disease, stroke, cancer, and diabetes, the talk keeps its focus on evidence about what actually reduces harm at a population level rather than individual behavior alone.