Akhil Reed Amar, Yale's Sterling Professor of Law, continues his constitutional law course by moving from the structure of Congress to its powers. He opens with Henry Clay addressing an antebellum Senate before a full public gallery, using the image to argue that Congress is the branch built for open speech and public observation. Amar reads the Speech and Debate Clause of Article I as a stronger free speech guarantee than the First Amendment, since no libel suit can reach a senator's floor remarks. He then turns to Article I, Section 8, framing its enumerated powers through the dispute that split the British Empire: Parliament claimed total authority over the colonies and lost them, while the Confederation Congress claimed too little and went broke. The lecture ends on the power to tax, the first power listed, and why pairing it with a directly elected House was essential to making it legitimate.