Yale professor Tamar Gendler opens by finishing her discussion of punishment, drawing on Alan Kazdin's research on effective parenting for insights into rehabilitating norm violators, before turning to the course's third major unit: the legitimacy and structure of the state. She lays out Thomas Hobbes's account of the state of nature, where life without government is, in Hobbes's phrase, nasty, poor, solitary, brutish, and short because of violent competition over scarce resources. Gendler walks through Hobbes's argument that rational individuals should surrender certain rights to a centralized authority in exchange for security, provided others do the same, and closes with Hobbes's laws of nature. Chapters cover punishment concluded, social contract theory, the state of nature, and the laws of nature. Part of Yale's Philosophy and the Science of Human Nature course, recorded in 2011 and available through Open Yale Courses.