Tamar Gendler, teaching Yale's Philosophy and the Science of Human Nature, opens by recasting the Rawls versus Nozick debate over state legitimacy as a disagreement about what states owe citizens given moral luck. She then moves to how social and cultural structures shape both character and perception, tracing the theme through Aristotle and John Stuart Mill before turning to contemporary research. That research includes anthropological and psychological studies showing that people from societies that are Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic, the WEIRD population, respond atypically across a wide range of experimental tasks. The final chapter examines how prior experience affects perception itself. The lecture runs through four chapters, moving from political philosophy into empirical psychology and back to questions about how deeply culture reaches into cognition. It is lecture 23 of the course, recorded in Spring 2011 and part of the Open Yale Courses collection.